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By A. Jens. Lyndon State College. 2018.
The prognosis for an otherwise healthy quality 5mg emsam anxiety symptoms 0f, well-nourished • Ginger tea to reduce fever. Adolescents and adults usually have a more difficult • Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) eyewash to soothe course. Supplements Prevention Some studies have shown that children with measles Measles is a highly preventable infection. A very ef- encephalitis or pneumonia benefit from relatively large fective vaccine exists, made of live measles viruses that GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 1305 have been treated so they cannot cause infection. The important markers on the viruses are intact and cause the KEY TERMS immune system to produce antibodies. Measles tem that have the ability to recognize foreign in- vaccines are usually given at about 15 months of age. A repeat injection (such as bacteria and viruses) which allow anti- should be given at about 10 or 11 years of age. Measles vaccine should not be given to a pregnant Exanthem (plural, exanthems or exanthemata)— woman, however, in spite of the seriousness of gestation- A skin eruption regarded as a characteristic sign of al measles. The reason for not giving this particular vac- such diseases as measles, German measles, and cine during pregnancy is the risk of transmitting measles scarlet fever. However, the World Health Organiza- tion (WHO) says there is no scientific merit to these PERIODICALS claims. Frey, PhD Meditation Definition Meditation is a practice of concentrated focus upon a sound, object, visualization, the breath, movement, or attention itself in order to increase awareness of the pre- sent moment, reduce stress, promote relaxation, and en- hance personal and spiritual growth. Originally, they were intended to develop spiritu- al understanding, awareness, and direct experience of ul- have been shown to feel less anxiety and depression. The many different religious traditions in They also report that they experience more enjoyment the world have given rise to a rich variety of meditative and appreciation of life and that their relationships with practices. Meditation produces a state of deep Christian religious orders, the Buddhist practice of sit- relaxation and a sense of balance or equanimity. Although meditation is an important spiritual tional stability that allows the meditator to experience in- practice in many religious and spiritual traditions, it can tense emotions fully while simultaneously maintaining be practiced by anyone regardless of their religious or perspective on them. Meditation facilitates a greater sense of been more interest in the use of meditation in medicine. Meditative practices are increasingly offered in medical clinics and hospitals as a tool for improving health and Meditation can be used with other forms of medical quality of life. Meditation has been used as the primary treatment and is an important complementary therapy for therapy for treating certain diseases; as an additional both the treatment and prevention of many stress-related therapy in a comprehensive treatment plan; and as a conditions. Regular meditation can reduce the number of means of improving the quality of life of people with de- symptoms experienced by patients with a wide range of bilitating, chronic, or terminal illnesses. Based upon clinical evidence as well as theoretical understanding, meditation is consid- ered to be one of the better therapies for panic disorder, Benefits generalized anxiety disorder, substance dependence and Meditation benefits people with or without acute abuse, ulcers, colitis, chronic pain, psoriasis, and dys- medical illness or stress. It is considered to be a valuable adjunc- GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 1307 MAHARISHI MAHESH YOGI 1911– Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is one of the most recog- nized spiritual leaders of the world. Almost single-hand- edly, the Maharishi (meaning great sage) brought Eastern culture into Western consciousness. He emerged in the late 1950s in London and the United States as a mission- ary in the cause of Hinduism, the philosophy of which is called Vedanta—a belief that “holds that God is to be found in every creature and object, that the purpose of human life is to realize the godliness in oneself and that religious truths are universal. These people, and many others, practiced Transcendental Meditation (TM), a Hindu-influenced procedure that en- dures in America to this day. The guru still had enough followers, though, to people the Maharishi International University, founded in 1971. Sid- has believe that group meditation can elicit the maharishi effect—a force strong enough to conjure world peace. Other times the eyes are be a valuable complementary therapy for allergies and open and gazing softly into the distance or at an object. Meditative practices have been reported to im- be concentrating on the sensation of the movement of the prove function or reduce symptoms in patients with breath, counting the breath, silently repeating a sound, some neurological disorders as well. Overall, a 1995 report to the National Institutes of Movement meditation can be spontaneous and free- Health on alternative medicine concluded that, “More form or involve highly structured, choreographed, repeti- than 30 years of research, as well as the experience of a tive patterns. Movement meditation is particularly help- large and growing number of individuals and health care ful for those people who find it difficult to remain still.
Benign glandular hyper- trophy of the prostate purchase 5 mg emsam fast delivery anxiety vs fear, therefore, never affects this part of the organ. A carcinoma of the prostate only rarely penetrates this fascial barrier so that ulceration into the rectum is very unusual. The male genital organs 119 The scrotum The scrotum is the pouch in which lie the testes and their coverings. The skin of the scrotum is thin, pigmented, rugose and marked by a lon- gitudinal median raphe. It is richly endowed with sebaceous glands, and consequently a common site for sebaceous cysts, which are often multiple. The subcutaneous tissue contains no fat but does contain the involuntary dartos muscle. Clinical features The scrotal subcutaneous tissue is continuous with the fasciae of the abdom- inal wall and perineum and therefore extravasations of urine or blood deep to this plane will gravitate into the scrotum. The scrotum is divided by a septum into right and left compartments but this septum is incomplete supe- riorly so extravasations of fluid into this sac are always bilateral. The lax tissues of the scrotum and its dependent position cause it to fill readily with oedema fluid in cardiac or renal failure. Such a condition must be carefully differentiated from extravasation or from a scrotal swelling due to a hernia or hydrocele. Testis and epididymis (Figs 89, 90) The left testis lies at a lower level than the right within the scrotum; rarely, this arrangement is reversed. Each testis is contained by a white fibrous capsule, the tunica albuginea, and each is invaginated anteriorly into a double serous covering, the tunica vaginalis, just as the intestine is invagi- nated anteriorly into the peritoneum. Along the posterior border of the testis, rather to its lateral side, lies the epididymis, which is divided into an expanded head, a body and a pointed tail inferiorly. Medially, there is a distinct groove, the sinus epididymis, between it and the testis. The testis and epididymis each bear at their upper extremities a small stalked body, termed respectively the appendix testis and appendix epididymis (hydatid of Morgagni). The appendix testis is a remnant of the upper end of the paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct; the appendix epididymis is a remnant of the mesonephros. Blood supply The testicular artery arises from the aorta at the level of the renal vessels. It anastomoses with the artery to the vas, supplying the vas deferens and epi- didymis, which arises from the inferior vesical branch of the internal iliac 120 The abdomen and pelvis Fig. This cross-connection means that ligation of the testicular artery is not necessarily followed by testicular atrophy. The pampiniform plexus of veins becomes a single vessel, the testicular vein, in the region of the internal ring. On the right this drains into the inferior vena cava, on the left into the renal vein. The male genital organs 121 Lymph drainage The lymphatic drainage of the testis obeys the usual rule; it accompanies the venous drainage and thus passes to the para-aortic lymph nodes at the level of the renal vessels. Free communication occurs between the lym- phatics on either side; there is also a plentiful anastomosis with the para- aortic intrathoracic nodes and, in turn, with the cervical nodes, so that spread of malignant disease from the testis to the nodes at the root of the neck is not rare. These convey affer- ent (pain) fibres—hence referred pain from the testis to the loin. Structure The testis is divided into 200–300 lobules each containing one to three semi- niferous tubules. Each tubule is some 2 feet (62cm) in length when teased out, and is thus obviously coiled and convoluted to pack away within the testis. The tubules anastomose posteriorly into a plexus termed the rete testis from which about a dozen fine efferent ducts arise, pierce the tunica albuginea at the upper part of the testis and pass into the head of the epi- didymis, which is actually formed by these efferent ducts coiled within it. The efferent ducts fuse to form a considerably convoluted single tube which constitutes the body and tail of the epididymis; unravelled, it is the length of a cricket pitch.
Many types of bacteria are capable of swimming rap- Staining of the cells with dyes helps make their structures idly by means of threadlike appendages called flagella more visible and reveals information about their properties discount emsam 5mg on line anxiety neurosis. Some surfaces, such as to the surface of a liquid to get oxygen, are capable of carrying out photosynthesis, as do green and to attach bacteria to each other for exchange of ge- plants; others must take in organic nutrients, as do ani- netic information in a process called conjugation. Among the diseases caused by diplococci are gonorrhea and meningitis; streptococci and staphylococci are re- sponsible for a wide variety of infections, including pneumonia, rheumatic fever, and scarlet fever. C Staphylococci D Streptococci, ◗ Spirochetes (SPI-ro-ketes) are similar to the spirilla, but photomicrograph are capable of waving and twisting motions (see Fig. For our purposes, a convenient and sim- KET-se-ah) and the genus Chlamydia (klah-MID-e-ah) ple grouping is based on the shape and arrangement of are classified as bacteria, although they are considerably these organisms as seen with a microscope: smaller than other bacteria. They are the causative organisms in trachoma (a serious eye in- fection that ultimately causes blindness), parrot fever or A Bacilli B Bacilli, photomicrograph psittacosis, the sexually transmitted infection lym- phogranuloma venereum, and some respiratory diseases Figure 5-4 Bacilli. More specific cause of their small size and the difficulties associated with information is conveyed by adding names for subgroups growing them in the laboratory, viruses were not studied such as type, subtype, strain, variety, etc. They are very slow- growing and hard to destroy, producing spongy degenera- tion of brain tissue, described as spongiform encephalopa- Figure 5-7 Virus structure. Viruses have some of the fundamental properties of Viroids (VI-royds), in contrast, are composed of RNA living matter, but they are not cellular, and they have no alone with no protein coat. They are composed of a core of nucleic parasites, but so far, they have been linked only to dis- acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a coat of protein eases in plants. Fungi Viruses are classified according to the type of nucleic acid they contain—DNA or RNA—and whether that nu- The true fungi (FUN-ji) are a large group of simple plant- cleic acid is single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds). Al- They are further grouped according to the diseases they though fungi are much larger and more complicated than cause, of which there are a considerable number— bacteria, they are a simple form of life. Molds reproduce in lated (Hanta, Ebola, West Nile), the symptoms they cause several ways, including by simple cell division and by (yellow fever virus, which causes jaundice; hepatitis production of large numbers of reproductive spores. Tinea Table 5 in Appendix 5 presents a list of typical patho- capitis (TIN-e-ah KAP-ih-tis), which involves the scalp, genic protozoa with the diseases they cause. This is a normal inhabitant of the mouth and ◗ Parasitic Worms digestive tract that may produce skin lesions, an oral in- fection called thrush, digestive upset, or inflammation of Many species of worms, also referred to as helminths, are the vaginal tract (vaginitis) as an opportunistic infection parasites with human hosts. Whereas invasion by any form of organism is eases they cause are very dangerous and may be difficult usually called an infection, the presence of parasitic worms to cure. In the United States, it is found most frequently among chil- Although protozoa are also single-cell organisms, they are dren (ages 4 to 12 years) in rural areas with warm climates. It may infest the lungs or the intestines, producing in- in almost any body of water from moist grass to mud pud- testinal obstruction if present in large numbers. An ameba (also spelled amoeba) in soil during either freezing or hot, dry weather and can- is an irregular mass of cytoplasm that propels itself by not be destroyed even by strong antiseptics. New worms de- extending part of its cell (a pseudopod, or “false foot”) velop within the eggs and later reach the digestive system of and then flowing into the extension. This type of protozoon is covered Another fairly common infestation, particularly in with tiny hairs called cilia that produce a wave action to children, is the seat worm, or pinworm (Enterobius ver- propel the organism. They are dangerous because they suck blood from 88 ✦ CHAPTER FIVE Cysts (inactive Red blood cells forms) (ingested) Active form A Amebas B Entamoeba histolytica Tsetse fly (vector)Tsetse fly (vector) Blood vessel Trypanosome C Flagellates D Trypanosoma gambiense Asexual forms Red blood cell Anopheles mosquitoAnopheles mosquito (vector)(vector) Blood vessel Sexual forms E Sporozoa F Plasmodium vivax Figure 5-9 Some parasitic protozoa. Most victims become susceptible to various into small larvae, which are able to penetrate the intact chronic infections because of extremely reduced resist- skin of bare feet. Proper disposal of body wastes, at- due to factors that include: tention to sanitation, and wearing shoes in areas where ◗ Increase in the world population, with more crowding the soil is contaminated best prevent this infestation. These condi- The small roundworm trichina (trik-I-nah) is not tions increase the spread of microorganisms by direct transmitted by feces, but in pork and the meat of wild contact, through the air, and by pests. The tiny worms become ◗ Disruption of animal habitats, with more contact be- enclosed in cysts, or sacs, inside the muscles of these ani- tween humans and animals, allowing animal pathogens mals (Fig. If they clog the lymphatic vessels, a condition called elephantiasis (el-eh- fan-TI-ah-sis) results, in which the lower extremities, the scrotum, the breasts and other areas may become tremen- dously enlarged (Fig. Most of these ◗ Medical advances that keep people alive longer, but in practices are concerned with preventing the spread of in- a debilitated state, subject to opportunistic infections. A few examples of fundamental pub- ◗ Changes in food handling that allow foods to be stored, lic health considerations are listed below: processed, and shipped long distances on a large scale, sometimes with inadequate oversight.
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